SOLID STATE PHYSICS
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
3RD EDITION BY M A WABAB
TOPICS COVERED
1. Atoms in Crystals
The solid state
Periodicity in crystals
Choice of a unit cell
Wigner Seitz unit cell
Number of lattice points per unit cell
Symmetry elements
Combination of Symmetry elements (point group)
Bravais lattice in two dimensions (plane lattice)
Bravais lattice in three dimensions (space lattice)
Rational features of a crystal and miller indices
Interplanar spacing
Density of atom in a crystal plane
Some simple and common crystal structures
Summary
Definitions
2. Atomic Bonding
Forces between atoms
Ionic bonding
Bond dissociation energy of NaCl molecule
Cohesive energy of ionic crystals
Evaluation of Madelung constant for for NaCl structure
Madelung potential
The Born-Haber cycle
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Van der waals bonding
Summary
Definitions
3.Atomic Packing
Packing of equal spheres in 2-Dimensions
Packing of equal spheres in 3-Dimensions
Close Packing of equal spheres in 2-Dimensions
Classification of close packing
Axial rotation and lattice constants
Voids in close packing
Size and coordination of voids
Significance of voids
Packing of unequal spheres in 3-Dimensions and effect
of radius ratio
Representation of close packing
Pauling’s rule
Applications of Pauling’s rule to actual structures
Examples of some closed packed structures
Notations: Representing close packed structures
Summary
Definitions
4. Atomic Shape and Size
Introduction
Bohr model of Hydrogen atom
Atomic shape
Wave mechanical concept of atom
Atomic size
Ionic radii
Empirical ionic radii
Variation of ionic radii
Covalent radii
Metallic radii
Van der waals radii
Summary
Definitions
5.Crystal Imperfections
Introductions
Point imperfections
Concentration of Point imperfections
Line imperfections
Burger vectors and Burgers circuits
Presence of Dislocation
Dislocation motion
Energy of Dislocation
Slip planes and slip directions
Perfect and imperfect dislocations
Dislocation reaction
Surface imperfections
Summary
Definitions
6. Atomic Diffusion
Introduction
Fick’s first law
Fick’s second law
Solution to Fick’s second law (constant D)
Some Applications of Diffusion
Diffusion mechanism
Random walk treatment of diffusion
The Kirkendall effect
Diffusion in Alkali halides
Ionic conductivity in Alkali halides crystals
Diffusion and Ionic conductivity
Summary
Definitions
7. Lattice (Atomic) Vibrations
Introduction
Dynamics of the chain of identical atoms
Dynamics of a diatomic linear chain
Dynamics of identical atoms in three dimensions
Experimental measurement of dispersion relation
Anharmonicity and thermal expansion
Summary
Definitions
8.Diffusions of Waves and Particles by Crystals
Introduction
X-rays and their generation
Moseley's law
Absorption of X-rays classical theory
Absorption edge
x-ray diffraction
The Laue equation
Equivalence of Bragg and The Laue equations
Interpretation of Bragg's equation
The reciprocal lattice
Ewald construction
Reciprocal lattice to Sc BCC and fcc lattices
Some properties of reciprocal lattice
Diffraction intensity
The X-ray diffraction experiments
The Powder method
Powder Diffractometer
The Laue method
The Rotation / oscillation methods
Summary
Definitions
9.Thermal properties of materials
Introduction
The specific heat of solids
The classical model
the einstein model
Density of States
The debye model
Thermal conductivity of solids
Thermal conductivity due to electrons
Thermal conductivity due to phonons
Thermal resistance of solids
Summary
Definitions
10. Free electrons in crystals
Introduction electrons moving in a one dimensional
potential well
Three dimensional potential well
Quantum state and degeneracy
The density of States
Fermi Dirac statistics
Effect of temperature on Fermi distribution function
The electronic specific heat
The electrical conductivity of metals
Relaxation time and mean free path
Electrical conductivity in ohm's law
Wiedemann-Franz-Lorentz law
The electrical resistivity of metals
Thermionic emission
The hall effect
Summary
Definitions
11. Band theory
Bloch theorem
The kronig-penny model
Construction of brillouin zones
Symmetry properties of the energy function
Extended ,reduced and periodic zone schemes
Effective mass of an electron
The nearly free electron model
Tight
binding approximation
Orthogonalized planewave (OPW) method
The pseudo potential method
Conductors ,semiconductors and insulators
Summary
Definitions
12. The Fermi surface
Introduction
Fermi surface and brillouin zones
Harrison's method of constructing Fermi surfaces
Fermi surfaces and metals
characteristics of Fermi surfaces
Effect of electric field on Fermi surface
Effect of magnetic field on Fermi surface
Quantization of
electron orbits
Experimental study of Fermi surfaces
Summary
Definitions
13. Semiconducting properties of materials
Semiconductors free carrier concentration in
semiconductors
Fermi level and Carrier concentration in
semiconductors
Mobility of charge carriers
Effect of temperature on mobility
Electrical conductivity of semiconductors
Hall effect in semiconductors
Junction properties
Summary
Definitions
14. Dielectric properties of materials
Introduction
Dipole moment
Polarization
Electric field of a dipole
local electric
field of an atom
Dielectric constant and its measurement
Polarizability
The classical theory of electronic polarizability
Dipolar polarizability
Piezo-, Pyro
and ferroelectric properties of crystals
Ferroelectricity
Ferroelectric domain
Antiferroelectricity and ferrielectricity
Summary
Definitions
15 optical properties of materials
Absorption process
Photoconductivity
Photoelectric effect
Photo voltaic effect
Photo luminance
Colour centres
Types of colour centres
Generation of colour centres
Maser and laser
Summary
Definitions
16. Magnetic properties of materials
Introduction
Response of substance to magnetic field
Classification of magnetic materials
Atomic theory of magnetism
Quantum numbers
The origin of permanent magnetic moments
Langevin's classical theory of diamagnetism
Sources of paramagnetism
Langevin's classical theory of paramagnetism
Fundamentals of quantum theory of paramagnetism
Paramagnetism of free electrons
Ferromagnetism
The Weiss molecular exchange field
Temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization
The physical origin of Weiss molecular field
Ferromagnetic domains
Domain theory
Antiferromagnetism
ferrimagnetism and Ferrites
Summary
Definitions
17. Superconductivity
Sources of superconductivity
Response of magnetic field
The Meissner field
Thermodynamics of superconducting transition
Origin of energy gap
Isotope effect
London equations
London penetration depth
Coherence length
Elements of BCS theory
Flux quantization
Normal tunneling and josephson effect
High TC superconductivity
Summary
Definitions
18. Anisotropic properties of materials
Introduction
classification of physical properties
Description of physical properties
Intrinsic symmetry of physical properties
Transformation law for second rank tensor
Effect of Crystal symmetry and physical properties
Physical properties of zero and first rank tensors
Physical properties of second rank tensor
Physical properties of 3rd rank tensor
Physical properties of 4th rank tensor
The Strain energy
Effect of Crystal symmetry on elastic constants
Summary
Definitions
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